Math in Special Education Essay - 948 Words

There’s no denying that education is constantly changing, but what’s truly astounding is the difference that can be throughout the years in math. More is changing in math classrooms than the tools that are used. The expectations that 21st century students face are completely transforming the approach that’s being taken in classrooms across America. The United States wants to make sure its students are ready to compete on a global level, and teachers are stepping up to the plate. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) has led the movement for education reform in mathematics. The NCTM began in the mid-1970’s and was a public voice of mathematics education that supported teachers, and tried to ensure learning of the†¦show more content†¦Students need to understand the reasoning behind the way math works, these standards put this into practice. A second groundbreaking document released by the National Council of Teachers Mathematics was Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics. This set of standards â€Å"present[s] a vision of what teaching should entail to support the changes in curriculum set out in the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards. This document spells out what teachers need to know to teach toward new goals for mathematics education and how teaching should be evaluated for the purpose of improvement† (Burris). It was essential for this change because it changed how mathematics was taught. Teachers now had new goals and had different processes of evaluation, which in the end, resulted in a greater improvement for themselves, and also great academic achievement for students. â€Å"The NCTM followed with the 1995 release of Assessment Standards for Teaching Mathematics. NCTM produced this important document because new assessment strategies and practices needed to be developed that will enable teachers and others to assess students’ performance in a manner that reflects the NCT M reform vision for school mathematics† (Burris). This allowed teachers to give better assessments to their students, which led to them being able to better asses themselves. It was easier for them to know what theyShow MoreRelatedA Special Education Math Teacher808 Words   |  4 PagesFor the last three years, I have worked as a special education math teacher in the facility setting, both in residential treatment, and juvenile corrections. I believe that my work has exemplified the advancement of the values of character, diversity, leadership, and commitment to service. My experiences have also been the driving force that has ultimately led me to seek an education in the field of law. To meet the needs of students in the facility setting and prepare them for success, a teacherRead MoreMath strategies for special education students Essay example1164 Words   |  5 Pages Special education students often lack the necessary mathematical skills needed to be independently successful in the secondary classroom. These students face challenges in applying the basic math skills needed as well as retaining basic math skills from grade level to grade level. Lack of understanding, in addition to causing classroom difficulties, can cause other personal and social dilemmas for the special education students. Lack of motivation, anger, lack of self value, and other disruptiveRead MoreTeaching Mathematical Problem Solving Math, Technology Education, And Special Education989 Words   |  4 PagesStudents in Math, Technology Education, and Special Education Classrooms.RMLE Online: Research in Middle Level Education, 27(1), 1-17. There were two instructional approaches, Enhanced Anchored Instruction (EAI) and text-based instruction (TBI), compared in this study. Both teaching methods were used to teach sixth-grade middle school students how to solve math problems in technology, special education classes and math classrooms.The purpose of this study was to compare the students math achievesRead MoreSpecial Education Students Placement and Performance Outcomes on Math Assessments1508 Words   |  7 Pagespassage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). This act required that procedures be enacted that would protect the rights of disabled children and assure that to the extent appropriate handicapped children are educated with children who are not handicapped and that the removal of handicapped children from the regular educational environment occurs only when the nature or severity of that handicap is such that education in regularRead Mo reA Research Based Method That Will Help At Risk And Special Education Students841 Words   |  4 Pagesmethod that will help at-risk and special education students that struggle in math especially with the new Common Core standards. Topic Many states and parents are in turmoil over the Common Core standards. There are many misunderstandings about the Common Core that makes it hard for school districts to implement without resistance from the local population. The Common Core came about because a group of Governors were discussing the differences in student education in different states. The GovernorsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Research Methodology925 Words   |  4 Pagescreate a improvement plan in her own school. This will be working with at-risk and special education students in the math classroom and ways to better serve those students using differentiated instruction and technology to help lessen the educational gaps those students have and to raise MAP scores. Proposed Research Design The proposed research plan will include two classrooms of at-risk and special education students math classes. Incorporating technology and researched based instruction to help increaseRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education For Special Services977 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world, and they need to go through a process to help make them the best that they can be. In Special Education there is a 10 step process that is put in place to make sure that students that need that extra help can receive it and have the opportunity to become their best self. The process covers from the beginning of the process which includes identifying if a child qualifies for special education or related services to the end of the process which is the student being evaluated. The processRead MoreReason For Referral, Special Education Services And Background Information858 Words   |  4 PagesReason for Referral, Special Education Services and Background Information: Every three years, all students receiving special education services must be evaluated to determine if they continue to meet the qualifications of special education and if they need special education services to be able to do well in school. Classification/Diagnosis: Makenna currently receives special education services under the label of Specific Leaning Disabilities. Earlier in the school year, Makenna received StudyRead MoreI Am A Middle School Special Education Teacher1340 Words   |  6 Pagesschool special education teacher in a 1:8 resource classroom. I give specialized math instruction to two sixth grade classes, two seventh grade classes, and two eighth grade classes. The majority of my students perform between a kindergarten and second grade level. The exhibited math achievement gap across my classes is disturbing. Even though my students are identified as special needs, they should have made gains to their ability levels by middle school. Math skills are necessary skills. Math is everywhereRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Walking Down And The New Adventure 946 Words   |  4 PagesI am buzzed through another set of doors and the new adventure begins. As I enter Miss Stralow’s classroom she is teaching the students in math. Miss Strawlow introduces me to the class, they smile and wave/say â€Å"Hi Mrs. Jasso†. I’m early so I sit in the back of the room observing her teaching and the students interest and participation in the math sheet, it’s about subtraction. Miss Stralow does not have a smart board in her room but she does have a projection machine and a dry erase board

PHI 445 Personal Organizational Ethics Essay - 4557 Words

CLICK TO DOWNLOAD PHI 445 Personal Organizational Ethics Week 1 Discussions and Journal 1. Psychological Egoism After reviewing Chapter 1 in your textbook and watching â€Å"Virtue Ethics,† find a contemporary article showing how the theory of psychological egoism in a corporation resulted in an ethical dilemma. Is there a way that the decision-making process within a large corporation can overcome this fact of human selfishness? What would be a solution in this scenario? How does the theory of psychological egoism fit within your personal body of ethics and values? How does the theory of psychological egoism fit within the ethical structure of the company†¦show more content†¦Explain how people running businesses would construct their companies if they utilized these ethical theories. For example, you might personally think that people should act to increase the overall happiness for the greatest number of people (utilitarianism). You would explain utilitarianism and then explain how a company based in utilitarian ethics would function. In other words: What products would they make? How would they treat their employees? How would they treat their customers? How would they manufacture their products? How would they utilize their resources and profits were they to become successful? Reflection Prompt #2 Analyze three of the punishments that corporations undergo when they have acted unethically (i.e., name them, define them, explain what they are). In addition, explain three threats to running an ethical corporation. Finally, from your own perspective, explain whether or not a corporation should have to function by the same codes of morality that individual people in society have to abide by or if they should be allowed to get away with certain actions that people in society cannot get away with. Week 2 Discussions and Journal 1. Puffery and Deception A critical point of distinction between deceptive advertising and mere puffery is whether a claim is a measurable statement of fact. Think of some contemporary examples of each and explain why they are or are not measurable statements of fact. When you notice deceptiveShow MoreRelatedPhi 445 Week 1 Journal Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 4 Journal: Problems for Organizations Cynthia D. 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The resultant damage to marine wildlife such as fish will continue to be feltRead MoreIdentifying Key Problems Related to Business Ethics Within Wal-Mart and the American Red Cross3182 Words   |  13 PagesIdentifying Key Problems Related to Business Ethics within Wal-Mart and the American Red Cross Laura Johnson PHI 445 Personal Organizational Ethics Instructor: Debrian Hughes January 21, 2013 Identifying Key Problems Related to Business Ethics within Wal-Mart and the American Red Cross (PART-1) As an Ethnographic Researcher I am writing this Article about Wal-Mart, a For-Profit Organization and The American Red Cross, a Non-Profit OrganizationRead MoreRaise or Lower Tuition3034 Words   |  13 PagesFinal Paper Christopher A. Malloy PHI 445: Personal amp; Organizational Ethics Instructor: Sandra Watts June 3, 2013 Final Paper The two organizations I will be focusing on throughout the course are two organizations I have actually donated to. The not-for-profit organization is the American Red Cross and the for-profit organization is Cancer Treatment Center of America. Being in the military and having a family member to have passed from cancer, these two organizations are dear to meRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages122 . 124 . 125 . 127 . 128 Section 3: Organizing 7—Organizations and Organizational Culture . . . . . . . . 131 Organizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What an Organization Is . . . . . . . . . Organizational Structure . . . . . . . . . Getting Started with Organizing . . . Formal and Informal Organizations . Libraries as Organizations . . . . . . . . Organization Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . Organizational Culture . . . . . . . . . . Getting to Know the Culture . . . . . . ConclusionRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesEveryone’s Business 2. 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Adam Smith and Karl Marx Essay Free Essays

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Modern political economic theory and philosophy can be greatly attributed to the works of two men who seemingly held polar opposite views on the subject. Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, published his most well known work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 and is most often associated with the ideas and principles of the political economic system known as Capitalism. At the other end of the spectrum is Karl Marx; the German philosopher most often associated with Communism and the author (or co-author) of The Communist Manifesto. We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Smith and Karl Marx Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper seeks to discuss the core differences in their respective political economic philosophies with regards to what economic value is and what the role of government should be in their versions of political economy. This will conclude with the argument that while Smith’s work had laid the foundation for modern economic philosophy, it was Marx who would ultimately leave the most significant impression upon the world with his revolutionary ideas. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (commonly abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations) is considered to be the first full treatment on the study of Economics. This work essentially lays the foundation for the economic system known as Capitalism. Interestingly enough, Capitalism was a term first brought into the public debate, somewhat pejoratively, by Karl Marx himself in describing a â€Å"capitalist† as a private owner of capital or the means or production. (â€Å"Capitalism† (Wikipedia), 2008). A consensus definition of this idea is an economic system based on private individual ownership of property in which the distribution of goods is determined freely by competing market forces and investments are made by individuals. (â€Å"Capitalism† (Merriam-Webster), 2008). In a Capitalist society, individuals are free to own property and invest their capital in the pursuit of profit with relatively limited influence or barriers from the government. The Wealth of Nations was organized into five books of several chapters each. The first two books examine the fundamentals of the market system and include explanations relating to the role of labor, the nature of capital and markets, and the motives people have for entering into the market system. The third book is mostly an historical examination of the economics in ancient societies. The fourth book is the core of Smith’s argument for the capitalist society and it in these chapters that Smith lays out the core arguments for the limited role of government that is required for long term economic success. The fifth book deals primarily with government spending, revenues and taxation. The Communist Manifesto was much more a call to action than it was a treatise on economics and is a much shorter work than Smith’s The Wealth of Nations. Marx also published a very thorough (and denser) economic examination known as Das Kapital in 1867. The conclusions reached in that and other works would underpin the concepts found in The Communist Manifesto. It is not inaccurate to say that Communism is in many ways the opposite of Capitalism. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx and co-author Friedrich Engels listed 10 attributes of an ideal Communist society. The first one lays out the primary condition: â€Å"Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes. † (Marx Engels, 2006, p. 32) This effectively describes state-ownership and control of all capital and the means of the production made for the benefit of all in a classless society. Communism espouses the idea that the economy should function for the greater good of all society and not merely act as a tool to enrich the ‘bourgeois† or ruling classes. As the title would indicate, The Communist Manifesto lays out the purpose and reasoning for the existence of the Communist party that was developing across Europe in that time. In the prologue, Marx and Engels state the books purpose: It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Specter of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself. Marx Engels, 2006, p. 2) The chief disagreement between Capitalists and Communists is who or what is entitled to ownership and the means of production. In chapter one of the second book of The Wealth of Nations, Smith defined capital as the stock (read: assets or money) that a person does not immediately consume for which the owner expects to derive a fu ture profit. (Smith, 1909) This of course implies that the individual has possession and ownership of the capital item in the first place. Marx bestows a social aspect upon what capital is in The Communist Manifesto. Marx stated that capital is a â€Å"collective product? nly by the united action of all members of society, can it be set in motion. Capital is therefore not a personal, it is a social power. † (Marx Engels, 2006, p. 23) In other words, capital belongs to all of the people that are needed to not only produce it, but to provide a reason for its value. One thing that Marx and Smith seems to have agreed upon is something economists call the Labor Theory of Value. While they would ultimately come to different conclusions on the use of the value, the basic assumption is this theory is that value is ultimate derived in an object from the labor necessary to produce it. â€Å"Labor Theory†, 2008) In chapter 5 of book I of The Wealth of Nations, Smith argues that â€Å"the real price of everything? is the toil and trouble of acquiring it. † (Smith, 1909, p. 36) Smith distinguishes this from the nominal value of an item that can vary based on market forces; he holds that the real value is constant in relation to the labor that it used in its production. Smith argues in the following chapter that there are three components to the price of an item: the labor needed to produce it, the â€Å"rent of the land† or resources needed to make it, and the â€Å"profit of stock† that compensates the investor for risking his resources. In Das Kapital, Marx also recognizes the labor component of any item in the first chapter. He states that any commodity has a use-value and an exchange value that is derived from the labor needed to produce it. (Marx, 2000) Marx however viewed the â€Å"profit of stock† as the ability of the capitalist to exploit the wage laborers out of the surplus value of the things they create because of their control over the means of production. The role of government in relation to the economic system is a central theme of how ultimately successful the economic system would become. One of Smith’s core arguments to the success of capitalism is summarized in his most famous metaphor of the â€Å"invisible hand† found in Chapter 2 of Book IV in The Wealth of Nations: By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. (Smith, 1909, p. 351-352) Smith argued that in a fair and free market economic system, producers will act in their own self-interest to maximize their profits. As profits increased, competitors would come about seeking to obtain a share of the profits, and would thus drive down prices through this competition. The result was more efficiency and productivity that would lead to the long term benefit of all of society. He was against any government action that would serve to disrupt this natural balance such as trade restrictions, wage laws, and industry regulation. Smith essentially believed that the more the government stayed out of the way, the better off society would be as a whole. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx makes an argument for an entirely stateless society. â€Å"Political power† he states, â€Å"? is merely the organized power of one class for oppressing another. † (Marx Engels, 2006, p. 3) A common theme of The Communist Manifesto is the struggle between different classes of society, to which Marx simplifies to a clash between the â€Å"bourgeois† and the â€Å"proletariats†. Marx argues that â€Å"The essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for cap ital is wage-labor. † (Marx Engels, 2006, p. 19) Marx held the belief that in a pure Communistic society, there would be no classes, and that the government would out of necessity dominate and control the means of production in the economy. The legacy and impact of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations was felt throughout Europe shortly after its publication. In England in particular, the British prime ministers sought policies that were attributed to what they had learned in Smith’s book including a new commercial treaty with France, customs reform, and a change in fiscal policy that resulted in lower debt and government spending. Government’s throughout Europe also began to realize the fallacy of the artificial trade barriers erected between the different countries; so much so that they would prefer to trade with their American colonies more often than their own neighbors. West, 1990) Smith’s greatest impact is perhaps the academic contribution to the study of economics. Before The Wealth of Nations, there really was nothing of the sort that so thoroughly examined the fundamentals of economics. Nearly every economist after Smith, including Karl Marx, would use The Wealth of Nations as a primary so urce and base their arguments off of Smith’s suppositions. Marx’s influence on the world however was far from an academic exercise. The violent revolution that Marx predicted would need to occur in order for the proletariats to overthrow the bourgeois did indeed occur in Russia during the â€Å"Red October† of 1917. The ruling aristocracy of Russia’s Czarists came to an end at the hands of Vladimir Lenin’s Bolsheviks. This would lead to the formation of the communist Soviet Union. During the revolution, the Bolsheviks seized all the private property around the country, gave control of all the factories to the government, nationalized all the banks, seized all of the Church’s properties, and declared that they would not honor any foreign debts. Thus the first real attempt at Communism took the form of the Soviet Union; symbolized by the worker’s sickle and hammer on the flag. â€Å"October Revolution†, 2008) The actions of the Soviet Union would go on to inspire many other Eastern countries to attempt their own versions of Communism; all consistent with the principles Marx envisioned in The Communist Manifesto. The resulting conflict of economic fundamentals between these Communist entities and the more Capitalist economies of Western Europe and the United State s would spark conflict throughout much of the 20th century. References capitalism. (2008) In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved December 17, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Capitalism capitalism. (2008). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved December 17, 2008, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/capitalism labor theory of value. (2008) In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved December 17, 2008 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Labor_theory Marx, K (2000) Das Kapital Gateway Edition, Washington, DC, Regnery Publishing, Inc Marx, K Engels, F (2006) The Communist Manifesto, New York, Penguin Books October Revolution. 2008) In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved December 17, 2008, from http http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/October_ Revolution Smith, A (1909) Harvard Classics: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, New York, P F Collier and Son West, E (1990) Adam Smith’s Revolution, Past and Present. Adam Smith’s Legacy: His thought in our time. Retrieved December 17, 2008 from http://www. adamsmith . org/images/uploads /publications/ADAM_SMITH_Legacy. pdf How to cite Adam Smith and Karl Marx Essay, Essays

Leadership For Learning Management - Free Sample

Question: During an organizational change process, if pay is used to enforce desired behaviors, clear targets for performance need to be established. Unclear goals or the acceptance of average performance will sabotage the transformation process.For this assignment, write a paper that responds to the following questions: Should pay be linked to the present or expected value to the educational organization? Should pay be adjusted at certain points in transformation process? Who should monitor the process and determine if the pay being awarded is having a positive effect on hard-wiring behavior? What does the literature say about extrinsic motivators such as pay? Answer: Introduction The study of the assignment will make the reader gain massive knowledge regarding the various process of the organizational change. The study will also make the reader understand the importance of clear targets on the achieving of the desired performance. The transformation process will massively affect by the acceptance of the average performance of firm or due to the unclear goals. The using of the various mediums which can ensure good connectivity within the educational organization has also been elaborated within the assignment in the desired section of the study as per the requirement (Rothwell Kazanas, 2013). Moreover, the various other factors that can affect the performance or the present and expected value of the educational organization has been discussed with various detailed information within the study which will provide exact idea regarding the main motto of the assignment. Furthermore, it can also be referred that the various sections that needs to be well analyzed an d kept up to date in order to maintain a certain amount of decency within the institution has been studied within the assignment with intense care. Argument on linking pay to the present or expected value to the educational organization The various sections that the educational organizations consist of should be well screened by the management of the educational organizations. Moreover, the present value of the educational organizations certainly depends on the amount of quality that the firm is providing to the students of the organization (Changingminds.org, 2015). Meanwhile, the various other sections also determine the present value of the organization which increases the amount of reputation that the educational organizations currently enjoy within the market. Therefore, the solution to the above study quiet clearly states that Pay can be linked to the present or the expected value of the education al organization that can have huge impact on the whole organization. These indicators like pay help the firms and the organization massively to grow a vast amount within a low span of time that will make the organization even more success which will help the firm in a professional manner (Blackson, 2011). The expected value of the organization is a certain section that can be evaluated before the actual time and is just an assumption of the type and amount of fund that the organization can collect in the coming days. Meanwhile, it can also be referred that the various other factors within an educational organization also leads to the achievement of the desired goals of the organization. However, this can also be said that the Pay can be linked with the educational organizations with ease, as these types of tools are of high significance to the educational organizations in order to increase the present value of the organization that will automatically increase the expected value of the organization (Stokoe, 2009). Argumentation on adjusting pay at certain points in the transformational process The argument in this section starts with the adjusting procedures which can be used to adjust pay at certain points. The major argument is highlighted when the question of adjusting pay for the process of transformation arises. The argument can be given a certain direction by monitoring the whole transformational process which will definitely extract the various issues that can got highlighted by the evaluation of the same the transformational process. In, case pay is not adjusted the process can face severe problems due to the lack of updated information, which in future can affect the firm in a huge negative manner. The transformational process needs to know the various loopholes that the firm was facing in the recent past and which affected the practices of the educational organizations as a whole (Hersey Blanchard, 2012). Therefore, it can also be refereed that adjusting pay at certain points can turn out to be vital for the educational organizations as this will not only keep t he whole format updated by will also make a huge positive effect on the activities of the whole educational organizations. Meanwhile, it can also be argued that there are various educational organizations that do not use any sort of element such as pay but are still successful in the recent era which is massively competitive. Furthermore, it can also be argued that the adjusting of the pay at certain time will also enable the management of the firm to keep updated information regarding the current status and needs of pay. Monitoring of the process and determining if pay being awarded is having a positive effect on hard wiring behavior The process should be monitored by the management of the firm along with the administration division of the firm that will ensure all types of achievements that can be made by the firm in the near future. The pay that has been awarded can give huge boost to the various individuals in the organization, and hence will have a huge positive effect on the hard wiring behavior of the organization. These will happen as the hard wiring behavior includes seizing the opportunities that are offered by a diverse workforce which can help the organization to achieve a competitive marketing advantage with the industry (McAnnally-Linz, 2014). The awarding of the pay can smooth the process even more as each and every individual within the organization will get a huge boost in the morale which can provide the organization massive positive opportunities as well. The hard wiring behavior is also one of the most desired sections that all the organizations have a huge tendency to achieve. Moreover, it c an be argued that the implementation of pay which is o external in nature makes the employees highly motivated to work overtime as well. This happens as they get paid for working overtime which is often termed as incentive and hence, additional income makes each and every individual push beyond their working hours and limits (Sasisajn, 2013). Meanwhile, the argument can also be done in the section of the making this habit a regular process, as this can turn out to be of negative in nature for the organization as the individuals also needs some rest and relax apart from work despite of paying incentives. Literature review of the extrinsic motivators such as pay The extrinsic motivators are certain motivation that comes from outside of a person or individual that ensures the fact that the motivational factors are external in nature which are often takes the shapes of money and grades. These certain rewards provides huge amount of pleasure and satisfaction which may not be provided by the task itself (Hutton, 2010). A person who is motivated extrinsically will work on a task even when they have minimum amount of interest in it and hence it can be said that the extrinsic motivators such as pay plays a huge role in these various sections which makes the firm or the institution highly profitable in terms of business or professional transactions. On the other hand the extrinsic motivators do not means that the person do not get any pleasure form the work or on completion of the task. These certainly means that the person is working overtime but is quiet happy as the external matters like incentives have make them quite satisfied and is happy afte r the completion of the task (Sabitov, 2010). Conclusion The study of the whole assignment brings us to the conclusion that the various external factors that attract the individuals to push them work beyond their capabilities are massively successful in doing the same. The study also states that hard wiring behavior includes seizing the opportunities that are offered by a diverse workforce which can help the organization to achieve a competitive marketing advantage with the industry. Reference List Books Rothwell, W., Kazanas, H. (2013). Planning and managing human resources. Amherst, Mass.: HRD Press. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. (2012). Management of organizational behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Journals Blackson, T. (2011). Extrinsic attitudinal pleasure. Philos Stud, 159(2), 277-291. Hutton, L (2010). Extrinsic Developmental Patterning. (2009). Science, 316(5825), 657h-657h. McAnnally-Linz, R. (2014). Extrinsic Grace and Eccentric Existence. Modern Theology, 31(1), 179-194. Sabitov, I. (2010). On the extrinsic motivators. Notes, 87(5-6), 874-879. Sasisajn, J. (2013). The Extrinsic motivators. Advanced Optical Technologies, 2(1). Shamovsky, V. (2013). Extrinsic Pathway for motivating. Reactome, 45. Stokoe, W. (2009). Language: From Hard-Wiring. Sign Language Studies, 1063(1), 163-180. Website Changingminds.org,. (2015). Extrinsic Motivation. Retrieved 25 May 2015, from https://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/extrinsic_motivation.htm